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BLACK HISTORY SPOTLIGHT: AIMÉ CÉSAIRE

Thursday, April 24, 2008

Aimé Césaire (1913-2008) was one of the most celebrated cultural figures in the Caribbean and was revered in his native Martinique, which sent him to France’s parliament for nearly half a century and repeatedly elected him mayor of the capital.

A poet honored throughout the French-speaking world and a crusader for West Indian rights, Césaire died recently. He was 94.

Césaire was born on June 26, 1913, in Basse-Pointe, Martinique, and although his family was poor, his mother, Eléonore, a seamstress, and his father, Fernand Elphège, educated as a teacher but later a manager of a sugar estate, invested in the education of their children.

In Cahier d’un retour au pays natal [Notebook of a Return to My Native Land], noted for its formidable difficulty as well as its rare power of poetic expression, Césaire described his childhood:

“At the end of the small hours: another house in a very narrow street smelling very bad, a tiny house which within its entrails of rotten wood shelters rats by the dozen and the gale of my six brothers and sisters, a cruel little house whose implacability panics us at the end of every month, and my strange father nibbled by a single misery whose name I’ve never known, my father whom an unpredictable witchcraft soothes into sad tenderness or exalts into fierce flames of anger; and my mother whose feet, daily and nightly, pedal, pedal for our never-tiring hunger, I am even woken by those never-tiring feet pedalling by night and the Singer whose teeth rasp into the soft flesh of the night, the Singer which my mother pedals, pedals for our hunger night and day.

At the end of the small hours, my father, my mother, and over them the house which is a shack splitting open with blisters like a peach-tree tormented by blight, and the roof worn thin, mended with bits of paraffin cans, this roof pisses swamps of rust on to the grey sordid stinking mess of straw, and when the wind blows, these ill-matched properties make a strange noise, like the sputter of frying, then like a burning log plunged into water with the smoke from the twigs twisting away…”

Césaire had excellent grades in school and at the age of 18, he went to Paris on a scholarship to continue his education. He attended numerous schools there, including the Sorbonne, where he studied Latin, Greek and French literature. He graduated from one of the country’s most elite institutes, the Ecole Normale Superieure. During his time in Paris, Césaire met other Caribbean, West African and African-American students, but the most important acquaintance was Léopold Senghor, a poet and the first president of independent Senegal.

In 1934, they founded L’Etudiant Noir (”The Black Student”), a journal that encouraged people to develop black identity. Also during this time, Césaire and Senghor, along with Léon-Gontran Damas developed Négritude, defined as “affirmation that one is black and proud of it”, a forerunner of the later “black is beautiful” movement in the United States.


Césaire’s famous anthology “Notebook of a Return to My Native Land”

In 1936, Césaire began work on Cahier d’un retour au pays natal, which would later mark a turning point in French Caribbean literature and was the first creative writing from the African Caribbean to achieve international acclaim. This work was the most influential text of its time and the one that best encapsulates the search for and celebration of a black identity. In it, Césaire offered a vivid and powerful depiction of the degradation of black people in the Caribbean and described the rediscovery of an African sense of self, which ultimately becomes a path to healing and a source of pride.

The following year, Césaire married Suzanne Roussi and had four sons and two daughters. In 1939, Césaire and his family moved to Martinique, where he began working as a teacher at the Lycee Schoelcher in the capital city of Fort-de-France, where he taught Frantz Fanon and served as inspiration for Édouard Glissant.

In 1941, Césaire and Suzanne founded the literary review Tropiques in order to challenge the cultural status quo and alienation that then characterized Martinican identity. A few years later, Césaire, at the age of 32, was elected mayor of Fort-de-France and député to the French National Assembly for Martinique with the support of the French Communist Party.

After the invasion of Hungary by the Soviet Union, Césaire announced his resignation from the French Communist Party, and, in 1958, he founded the Parti Progressiste Martiniquais. He served as President of the Regional Council of Martinique from 1983 to 1988 and retired from politics in 2001.

Césaire died April 17th at Pierre Zobda Quitman Hospital in Fort-de-France where he was being treated for heart problems and other ailments. He was given the honor of a state funeral in Fort-de-France on April 20th.

RELATED LINKS / REFERENCES: Wikipedia, Associated Press, Emory
Expo Photo, Books and Writers, CL Reader Stéphanie

Concrete Loop will feature ‘Black History Spotlights’ each week. These features honor black people through the years and submissions are welcome.

51 CommentsCOMMENT?

Posted by: J. Dakar

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51 Comments


1.

Kd

Thursday, April 24, 2008 /

Thank you for showing love to this icon of my culture i am french originally from Martinique and this has been a bigger loss than words can say for my community . I have been checking the loop for several years now and y’all never let me down this is again a great example of how consistent y’all are thank you again keep up the good work Big up from France

2.

lele

Thursday, April 24, 2008 /

WOW! U always find great and interesting people to help educate, inspire and motivate us! Thanks, keep up the good work!

3.

xxx

Thursday, April 24, 2008 /

Thank you for talking about him, he was, he is and he will always be an example for all Black people here, in France.

RIP M. Césaire.

4.

FRANCE

Thursday, April 24, 2008 /

Repose en paix,

Thnx Monsieur J Dakar

S

5.

bigdaddyreg

Thursday, April 24, 2008 /

Good wotk again CL

6.

mysterious

Thursday, April 24, 2008 /

CL you just dont know how much you made me happy with your tribute…DAMN you just don’t know…You are by far the best blogger anyone could find….

THANK YOU….i’m martinican….I live in Paris since last year, and i’m actually in London for a semester…So i’ve traveled a lot this year…. And i wish i was in my island when this man died…he is just an ICON…he’s done SO MUCH for the Black Community Wolrdwide…and we martinicans are SO proud of HIM…That’s a major loss for the entire world…may he find the peace he deserves….

RIP Aimée Césaire

and once again : THANK YOU ANGEL! i am sooooo grateful to CL

7.

lafrançaise

Thursday, April 24, 2008 /

Great post, thank u J Dakar!! We need more people like him in France….

8.

Nanz

Thursday, April 24, 2008 /

Much respect to Concreteloop for this piece on Aime Cesaire. I was so sad to hear of his death. Anybody who has the slightest interest in the struggle to make Black people proud of who they are needs to read this man. He paved the way in so many ways. Without him we may still be waiting for a Martin and a Malcolm.

Thanks again to the Loop.

9.

lamissrox

Thursday, April 24, 2008 /

wow great post ! i m happy to read something about my culture on an american site!! Aime cesaire did a lot of great things and he is the reason why we martinicans are also french citizens today.He is the nelson mandela of the islands! i m very proud . You should read his books , he is just great ! thank u guyes for posting this today!

10.

nubiennes

Thursday, April 24, 2008 /

Thanx CL ,Aimé césaire rest in peace

French kémite ^v^/

11.

Dame (stop talking to me u know better)

Thursday, April 24, 2008 /

I love these post Angel I always tell my little brother to read them.

12.

POWER!

Thursday, April 24, 2008 /

I never knew or heard of him but nevertheless i am thankful for u guys updating us all round and not being only Hollywood. Couldn’t get this info on tv even. And this is my first comment ever on cloop even though i’m a fiend here lol

13.

the one is back

Thursday, April 24, 2008 /

Nice Dakar..This is the example that Black History is international and not limited to the history of blacks in America. We all need to expamd our knowledge and be proud about the contributions black people have shared with the world.

14.

Nanz

Thursday, April 24, 2008 /

Completely agree with ‘The One is Back’. No offence to any Americans but I lived there for a few years and sometimes it was hard to get people to realise that there are black people all over the world and not all our experiences are the same. Although it’s a struggle being black for most of us, there is no uniform ‘Black experience’ and it’s important to know that others besides all the American Civil Rights greats fought for Black equality. Black people were fighting everywhere man!

15.

MAGASTYLE

Thursday, April 24, 2008 /

thank u , u speaking the life of french and african people i’m so peoud to be a franchy-african lady !

congrat for all

16.

Anonymiss

Thursday, April 24, 2008 /

II’ve never heard of him before until now and this was very nice to read. I’m gonna see what books I can find by and about him.

17.

lmememe

Thursday, April 24, 2008 /

this was a good read. big up to CL for providing these black history lessons… i’m really starting to look forward to them every week, really.

18.

I RESPECT CL!

Thursday, April 24, 2008 /

The man was amazing! He’s done so much for Blacks in Europe, Africa, The West Indies and the world. The black community of France/French West Indies is devastated. What a great man and what a loss!

Thank You CL for honoring such an Icon and Great Role Model for our people.

19.

LOLLYPOP

Thursday, April 24, 2008 /

RIP

20.

ddai

Thursday, April 24, 2008 /

one of his expressions God’s pen doesn’t have rubber!!!
Rip Aimé Cesaire !
VIVE LE MOUVEMENT NEGRITUDE! Frm Aimé cesaire and many others

21.

southern_queen

Thursday, April 24, 2008 /

What an inspiration!

22.

MERCI

Thursday, April 24, 2008 /

This is also the first time I have posted on CL but frequent the site simply because you provide information such as this as part of the mix. Aimé Césaire is an integral part of history for those of us who are familiar with his work in the west indies as well as abroad, and thank you J Dakar for bringing him to the attention of those who have never been touched by his brilliance.
CL absolutley must be commended!!

23.

DH

Thursday, April 24, 2008 /

I had never heard of him…good work J.!

24.

ashleigh

Thursday, April 24, 2008 /

i’m proud to see black people all over the world are being honored

25.

1nubianqueen

Thursday, April 24, 2008 /

I love this feature, I always learn something new and/or interesting. Thanks CL keep up the good work!

26.

ALLIHAVETOSAYIS...

Thursday, April 24, 2008 /

J. Dakar and the rest of the CL crew - this is really good stuff. I have never heard of him. Keep up the good work!

27.

Something aint right

Thursday, April 24, 2008 /

being Haitian I know how important education is amongst many people from the islands. He was a great example of the power of education.

28.

Richy

Thursday, April 24, 2008 /

I WAS VERY DISAPPOINTED THE DAY HE DIED ONLY ONE INTERNET WEBSITE MENTIONED IT.

I CHECKED CONCRETE LOOP NOTHING? SO… I’M SO HAPPY YOU GUYS FINALLY POSTED THIS!

THIS MAN DESERVES RESPECT. EVERYONE NEEDS TO READ HIS PIECE ON “COLONIALISM” !

HIS WORDS NEVER FORGOTTEN RIP!

29.

BrownSuga

Thursday, April 24, 2008 /

Wow!! Thank you CL.

30.

gwadalove

Thursday, April 24, 2008 /

thanks a lot for this tribute im so proud to be black!!! he was a big ” NEGRE FONDAMENTAL” as he called himself!! im from guadeloupe!!!

31.

MADININA

Thursday, April 24, 2008 /

Thank you J.Dakar, it feels really good to read an article about this Great Martinican Man on this website…I never thought I would someday.respect.peace

32.

CHISista

Thursday, April 24, 2008 /

This is awesome! His life made a major impact. He will be remembered as an inspiration and a great example for aspiring leaders to follow. Thanks sharing this information.

33.

Questioneverything

Thursday, April 24, 2008 /

Thanks CL for making folks realize BLACK history is important everyday NOT just in February. RIP Monsieur Aimé Césaire.

34.

Nilaja

Thursday, April 24, 2008 /

Thank you concretloop of credit note honor this big sir of Césaire was, i am really
satisfied to see him on your site finally somebody who has to justify that presence on earth.

Peace is his ame

Still Thank youuuu CL.

35.

deeboy

Thursday, April 24, 2008 /

thanks for showin luv to one of our french west indies leader!!!
R.I.P aimé césaire

deeboy from paris

36.

Meriadeck78

Thursday, April 24, 2008 /

Hi, thank you for this post J Dakar, i’m from the West Indies and Aimé CESAIRE open the door to a better living for black people in europe. He really his a major figure in french black history and we’ll never forget him.

R.I.P. Aimé CESAIRE

37.

içi c paris!!!!!!

Thursday, April 24, 2008 /

repose en paix aimé
peace a tous les séfran qui passe sur se blog
paristar ssssssiiiiiii ssssssiiiiiiiiiii

38.

Stéphanie

Thursday, April 24, 2008 /

Thank you so much J. Dakar. I’d never thought you’d be so quick to write an article about A. Césaire ! The reactions of all of you who hadn’t heard of him before make me very happy. Black History is indeed Universal.

39.

MaryShOo_97oNe

Thursday, April 24, 2008 /

wow I never tought that I’ll find a post about him…
R.I.P

40.

MW09

Thursday, April 24, 2008 /

Thanks J. Dakar, I’ve never heard of him before, Have to research him some more.

41.

Saanya

Thursday, April 24, 2008 /

Thanks you for this post!!
I was surprised to see Aimé Cesaire in Concreteloop! it was a great man , who made great things!im from Martinique, it’s my culture,and im happy that u write something about him!! RIP Aimé Césaire, Nég fondamental

42.

Holleywood

Thursday, April 24, 2008 /

This is so good, I never heard of him. I wonder why not back in the day when I was in school. (lol) Thanks CL!! J. Dakar keep informing the people!

Peace :)

43.

FINALLY THANK YOU 48

Thursday, April 24, 2008 /

THANK YOU CONCRETE LOOP FOR ADDING BLACK HISTOY INTO THE BLOG!!!!!!!!!!! THIS IS WHAT SETS U APART FROM ALL THE REST!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! U ARE THE BEST BLOGGER BY FAR! I LOVE THESE INFO SPOTS, ITS NOT ALL ABOUT CELEBRITIES AND UR BLOG DOES A NICE JOB OF REMINDING US OTHER ASPECTS OF OUR BEAUTIFUL POWERFUL CULTURE!!!

44.

Negresse

Friday, April 25, 2008 /

OMG! Thank You For Talkin About Him. Papa Césaire, Le Nègre Fondamental! I Cried So Much When He Died.

45.

honolulu city lights

Friday, April 25, 2008 /

J., was that excerpt from Cahier originally written in French? If so, have you read the original French version? I’m wondering if the translation was good. The writing is splendid and dense, but seems a little florid, or turgid, or somethin. So maybe it’s time for a new translation.

. . . or not.

46.

Chiara

Friday, April 25, 2008 /

Hello to my compatriots.
I really love those features and it’s really nice to have something on Aime Cesaire. I didn’t know the concept of “being black and proud” originated in France.
I also read the excerpts and it’s really delightful. I know what’s next on my read list.
Thanks again.

47.

nore

Friday, April 25, 2008 /

i have to commend concrete loop for raising the standards for black blogs. césaire was undoubtedly one of the most influential people in the black diaspora and influenced so many of the great thinkers that influenced great american thinkers in the civil rights and black power movements. this post really highlights the transnational history to the history of african-americans. césaire influenced fanon who influenced malcolm x, angela davis, amiri baraka and many other black thinkers who shaped so much of black political thought.

i love that this website has reached our francophone brothers and sisters!

r.i.p. aimé césaire

48.

Bee

Tuesday, April 29, 2008 /

I respected the man. One of the greatest French poet and thinkers of our time,

I was a bit sad to see that his ’state’ funeral has been crowded by people he did not necessarily like (like the french president for instance who’s implementing very conservatives laws against immigrants and black people…)

RIP.

49.

J. Dakar is the F'n Work

Friday, May 2, 2008 /

I’m really feeling this idea of Negritude. I plan to study in Latin America and I swear South America has a hard problem coping with blackness.

50.

French_J*gg*b**

Monday, May 5, 2008 /

Very impressed too that CL talks about this ‘Grand Monsieur’ THX… French black are proud and so does the entire black communauty! real talk

51.

the floacist

Tuesday, May 20, 2008 /

My mother has some of his work (the English versions, our French isn’t too good).