BLACK HISTORY SPOTLIGHT: MARY ELLEN PLEASANT
Thursday, July 10, 2008

Mary Ellen Pleasant (1814-1904) was an abolitionist, businesswoman and entrepreneur during the Gold Rush.
Born the illegitimate daughter of an enslaved voodoo priestess and a Virginia governor’s son on August 19, 1814, near Augusta, Georgia, Mary had no last name. She witnessed a plantation overseer murder her mother and was sold at the age of nine and sent to work as a linen worker at the Ursuline Convent in New Orleans.
Following her service there, she worked as a free servant to Louis Alexander Williams, a Cincinnati merchant. He promised that after she served for some time, she would be freed. However, Williams, in debt and jealous of his wife Ellen’s affection for Mary, placed her in nine years of indenture with an aging Quaker merchant known as Grandma Hussey in Nantucket, Massachusetts. Indentured servants could be of any race, and Mary was told not to reveal her race since she could pass for white. She also adopted Ellen Williams’ name, becoming Mary Ellen Williams.
The Husseys were abolitionists and it was through them that Mary met most of the prominent members of the movement during her youth on Nantucket. Around 1841, she married a wealthy mulatto merchant/contractor named James Smith who was also a slave rescuer on the Underground Railroad. The two worked to help slaves flee to safety in Canada and safe states. When Smith died three years later, he left Mary a $45,000 fortune and a plantation run by freedmen near Harper’s Ferry, Virginia.
Around 1848, she began a partnership/marriage with John James Pleasants, though no records exist of it. Smith had left instructions for her to continue the work after his death and so they did. Increasing attention from slavers forced them to move to New Orleans a couple of years later. Pleasants was a relative of the husband of Marie Laveau and she and Mary consulted before the Pleasants went to San Francisco in April 1852.
Mary had no “freedom papers” so she passed herself off as white while she worked as a steward and cook in a boardinghouse and invested in real estate and other business activities. She became successful at leveraging social change that many called her San Francisco’s “Black City Hall”. Her money and activities helped ex-slaves avoid extradition, start businesses and find employment in hotels, homes and on steamships and railroads of California.
In 1858, Pleasant returned East, bought land to house escaped slaves and aided John Brown both with money and by riding in advance of his raid at Harper’s Ferry encouraging slaves to join him. Although it was extremely risky, Mary Ellen Pleasant believed slavery had to be ended by force. “I’d rather be a corpse than a coward,” was her motto.
Following the Emancipation Proclamation, she returned to San Francisco to find that her investments had amassed a fortune estimated at $30 million. She then publicly changed her racial designation in the City Directory from “white” to “black” and led the Franchise League movement that earned blacks the right to testify in court and to ride the trolleys. Her lawsuit in 1868 against the North Beach and Mission Railroad was used as a precedent in 1982 to achieve contemporary civil rights.
Mary Ellen Pleasant became one of the most influential women in San Francisco’s early history. She died in 1904 at the age of 89. On her tombstone is inscribed “the mother of civil rights in California”.
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Concrete Loop features ‘Black History Spotlights’ each week honoring black people who have played pivotal roles in history. submissions are welcome.
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99 Comments
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76.
LB
Thursday, July 10, 2008 /
Thank you for this, CL.
We need this type of information about our history.
And this further proves that we definitely come from a long line of amazing people.
I just wish that many of us had the same convictions and strength as our forefathers and foremothers, today.
77.
sweetpea
Thursday, July 10, 2008 /
why we as a people can’t do that now, when we had to face so much then
78.
reportergirl
Thursday, July 10, 2008 /
What’s this take it up with God foolishness? And I’m not a Christian so whatever Bible verse you’re about to quote, save it. Not my holy book.
She’s not black because her father was white? Seriously? We’re trying to preserve the purity of blackness now? (Psst..that’s impossible and a really silly idea) SMFH
I’m sure I read she was the daughter of a slave and a slave herself, hence being sold at the age of nine to work in a linen factory.
She lived her public life as a white woman so she could help black people avoid being forced back into slavery, get jobs and start businesses. She could have pretended she didn’t know the horrors of slavery and lived a comfortable life, but she didn’t. You think then (or now) people cared why she was so light? Nope. Do I care? Nope. Clearly, she identified with blacks and their plight.
What have you done for your people lately?
79.
Have Not Thought of a New User Name
Thursday, July 10, 2008 /
I wanted you guys to post on her her story is so amazing to me. Now cam you guys post on Allen Allensworth lol a lot of people here in Cali don’t know who this man is or about the town he built here.
80.
0123
Thursday, July 10, 2008 /
The picture on the far right looks so much like Cree Summer that I had to go research Cree’s roots on Wiki and IMDB to check if they were related. (no)
But anyway thank you very much for this profile, I had never heard of this woman. Keep the lessons coming!
81.
ChokLitFactory
Friday, July 11, 2008 /
This is a great story, thanks for sharing J. Dakar…Although it seems everyone is more interested in the Obama/Jesse Jackson fiasco…don’t let THEM tear us apart now!
82.
styles-p
Friday, July 11, 2008 /
@J2- no it is that serious. Why is that always mentioned?
83.
thoro
Friday, July 11, 2008 /
I tell you- these stories definitley serve as inspiration. Imagine the struggles our people had to go through then.Then think about how we have become so comfortable with the successes/struggles our ancestors taken on and accomplished for us. Even in this day and age, some of our children don’t even want to go to school- or refuse to get a job! To top that off some of our fathers refuse to stand up and take care of their families- imagine seeing your mother slain in front of your eyes and then having your child, brother or sister , father or family sold and taken away and never to be seen from or heard fromagain! Boy
GREAT POST CP KEEP UP THE GOOD JOB!
84.
Makmesmile Please
Friday, July 11, 2008 /
Thanks 4 tha positive info. Angel. FIFI “mulatos” are a part of African American history and that’s a fact!!!!!
Holla!!!!!!!(LOL Frankie)
85.
tenderoni
Friday, July 11, 2008 /
@85. Your right about mulattos being apart of African American history. I can respect that, and I dont care what race your a mixed with. If black is in the equation your are black. I dont believe the mumble jumble about race is determined by the father. The gender is determined by the paternal.
As African Americans we are so quick to pick out flaws. Most of us no matter the darkest skin has alittle white,or Native American in our blood.
My great granmother was a full blooded cherokee “Indian” . Very light tan skin and and long staight hair in two plats. I dont go around saying I’m native American. I am black as you can see clear as day by my avitar.LOL
America is a big melting pot.
86.
awj1
Friday, July 11, 2008 /
In response to your father determining your race: this is america and in the pre civil war era there was something called the one drop of black blood rule, if you’ve never heard of it look it up, but quite simply it stated that regardless of who your father was, if you had one drop of african american blood in you, guess what you were black.
87.
Hey hold that though
Friday, July 11, 2008 /
That’s one of the reason why if an AA goes for office we as AA need to keep our thoughs and comments to oneself ……. we need to become one
88.
divainva
Friday, July 11, 2008 /
@ 87 You sound like a fool . If you’re going to try to make a valid point I was hoping you would come up with something a little more scientific than some slave master rules . Lol @ “the one drop rule “ being valid as of determining ones race . SMH
@ 78 What are you talking about ? Did you even read my comments or did you just go on a tangent because I’m not a “yes man” like the majority of the CL readers ? I never said she wasn’t a daughter of a slave I mentioned that in my post and that’s why she was sold because she was considered “black” because of her mother . If you would read and comprehend before trying to argue with me your brain would function a bit more . I also gave her credit for doing what she did ,so what was your point of responding to me with all of that non sense ? “She could have pretended she didn’t know the horrors of slavery and lived a comfortable life, but she didn’t” ? That’s exactly what she did , she lived as the white women she was and made a damn good life of it . Lol. You buffoons on here kill me , like you’re saying something and end up contradicting your damn self . Don’t get mad at me because I research my history and know who I am . If you disagree and think I’m wrong , prove it . I’m humble enough to apologize when I’m wrong .
89.
QueenEarth
Friday, July 11, 2008 /
Sister Pleasant was amazing! God Bless her soul! Thx CL
90.
QueenEarth
Friday, July 11, 2008 /
Sister Pleasant was in the same circle and mindset of Sister Tubman. Their hustle was on fiyah! Amazing
91.
reportergirl
Friday, July 11, 2008 /
@ 89
Of course I read your comment and I’m still waiting for you to make a valid argument as to why she isn’t black. I made my case. You told us to take it up with God. Is that your final answer? LOL
Also, in a conversation if someone goes off on a tangent, they’ve veered off topic. I didn’t. What are you talking about?
I’m glad you “do research your history” and feel like you know yourself. Although, clearly you have trouble making arguments without resorting to school-yard tactics like name calling and belittling: “You buffoons on here kill me” “If you would read and comprehend before trying to argue with me your brain would function a bit more”
Here’s a definition that may interest you: An ad hominem attack is a personal attack in the form of an ad hominem argument.
Ad hominem attacks are often used in a debate or discussion where the speaker wishes to avoid the substance of the discussion and instead resorts to smearing the character of their opponent.
92.
tourq
Saturday, July 12, 2008 /
Man! That what I like to here about us doing things to help the community. Know I our ancestors did all this work and what do we have to show for it know. The terms and conditions that we are living. The lack of schooling children are getting to day because of drop out rates and stuff like that. What if our ancestors woke up from they grave to see what he have done and what we have not done. I think it would be interesting.
93.
Duplaix
Saturday, July 12, 2008 /
I first read about Mary Ellen Pleasant on Panache Report.com about two years ago. Remarkable woman.
94.
cs
Saturday, July 12, 2008 /
Thank you soo much for these moments in Black History. We have such a rich history and it needs to share with the world.
95.
James
Sunday, July 13, 2008 /
I thought Madam C J Walker was the first black female millionaire.
96.
Confucius
Sunday, July 13, 2008 /
Keep the positive news about Black Americans coming….thank you for soul food!!
97.
B
Sunday, July 13, 2008 /
This post was amazing. I had never heard of this woman prior to this. Thank you so much J Dakar and CL. Truly amazing!
98.
divainva
Monday, July 14, 2008 /
@ 91 And what valid argument do or did you think you havd/had ? please enlighten me ?? “What’s this take it up with God foolishness? And I’m not a Christian so whatever Bible verse you’re about to quote, save it. Not my holy book.
She’s not black because her father was white? Seriously? We’re trying to preserve the purity of blackness now? (Psst..that’s impossible and a really silly idea) SMFH
I’m sure I read she was the daughter of a slave and a slave herself, hence being sold at the age of nine to work in a linen factory.
She lived her public life as a white woman so she could help black people avoid being forced back into slavery, get jobs and start businesses. She could have pretended she didn’t know the horrors of slavery and lived a comfortable life, but she didn’t. You think then (or now) people cared why she was so light? Nope. Do I care? Nope. Clearly, she identified with blacks and their plight.
What have you done for your people lately?” That’s you argument ? lol . That’s why I asked what are you talking about because you are off on a tangent about nothing I said . I gave her credit, never said one thing about her accomplishments , yet you went on and on about what she has done ? lmao . What case did you make please enlighten me ? lol . Go read the scripture , ask a interacial coulpe with a “white” father what does his childs Birth cetificate says under his/her race , research it for yourself . You have told me nothing about determinigs ones race . You also need to research “genes” you are way off your ricker with that information about race . lmao . Wow . google “anatomy (sp)” Please, with schools yard tactics . That was the truth . If you don’t comprehend what you read , you misunderstand the information , Then respond with non sense irrelevant to the commenter you are addressing .
99.
reportergirl
Tuesday, July 15, 2008 /
@98 We seem to be talking about two different definitions of race.
I’m not interested in telling people who I think they are. At least in the US, race isn’t simply the sum of genes. It takes into consideration how you identify yourself. That doesn’t mean I could wake up tomorrow and decide I’m French Canadian. That doesn’t mean that people like you won’t decide for others who you think they are, but it does mean that biracial and multiracial people don’t have to choose and thus deny parts of what make them if they don’t want to. There’s even a box for biracial and multiracial people on the census form. Of course you know this.
Since I was genuinely interested to read your argument–seriously that’s why I came back to this post–it would have been nice if you had actually explained how genes figure into determining one’s race instead of sending me to Google. Lots of misinformation on the world wide web.
From your comments, you think of race in terms of genes, lineage and scripture. Ok. I don’t know much about genetics, but I do know people get half their genetic material from either parent. So I’m still stumped here because if it’s 50/50….(this is where that explanation would have come in handy) Also, I admit I haven’t looked at the birth certificates of any interracial people whose fathers are white, so I have no idea what they would reflect. Still not interested in the scripture’s take race.
Clearly, people like you want to tell people who they are. Not my thing, but by all means do you.
FYI: the one word you thought you spelled wrong “anatomy” you spelled correctly. But, I think you meant rocker when you typed ricker. Also, it’s determining not “determinigs.”
For someone who obviously thinks she is so clever, you’re not so good with the spell check.
Nice chatting with you though.
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